CNC Machining: Definition, Processes, Components, and More

What is CNC Machining?

CNC, which stands for "Computer Numerical Control," is a subtractive manufacturing process that utilizes computerized controls and machine tools to systematically remove material from a raw piece—commonly referred to as the blank or workpiece—to create custom-designed parts. This versatile process accommodates a wide array of materials, including metals, plastics, wood, glass, foam, and composites, making it applicable across various industries.

CNC machining is particularly prominent in sectors such as large-scale machining, telecommunications, and aerospace, where precision and tight tolerances are crucial. It is essential to distinguish between "CNC machining," which describes the process, and "CNC machine," which refers to the programmable equipment that executes these operations autonomously.

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CNC machining services are available globally, with numerous providers in Europe, Asia, North America, and beyond.

Understanding Subtractive vs. Additive Manufacturing

CNC machining is often contrasted with additive manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing, and formative manufacturing methods, like liquid injection molding. While subtractive manufacturing removes material to create custom shapes, additive manufacturing builds up layers to form objects, and formative processes reshape materials into desired forms. The automated nature of CNC machining allows for high precision and accuracy, making it cost-effective for both one-off and medium-volume production runs. However, the complexity and intricacy of part designs can be limited compared to other manufacturing methods.

Key Topics Covered in This Guide:

• Overview of the CNC Machining Process
• Types of CNC Machining Operations
• CNC Machining Equipment and Components
• Materials Used in CNC Machining
• Considerations for CNC Size
• Alternatives to CNC Machining
• A Brief History of CNC Machining

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